Evidence for God
For me personally, I find the best way to find evidence it involves looking at Jesus, his birth, life, miracles, death and resurrection; especially the resurrection.
Why you may ask? Because of his claims, namely to be God. When you examine these things, you can weigh up the claim of whether
what he is saying is true, if you come from a position without assuming a particular conclusion before proper examination, such that the
natural world is all that there is.
Edit: Now some people think that "God exists because the Bible says so..."
It is actually a different argument I am posing. I am not saying that because it is God's Word/revelation therefore it is true, therefore God must exist.
I am making no statement about whether the Gospel accounts are true or not (unlike those from other religions who normally would . It needs to be weighed, by critically studying the literature* and also by studying with reference to history from other sources.
*especially with the resurrection
My argument goes like this:
1. Jesus existed - verified fact.
2. Jesus claimed to be God - disputed* (DrSoccerball will dispute this and atheists might dispute this in similar ways but for different reasons).
3. Are his claims true? The character and actions do they verify them as true or not? (Actions speak louder then words)
Because if his claim is true, then God exists, otherwise it is inconclusive.
{1} is no debate, {2} is disputed mainly by those of different religions, {3} is mainly disputed by non-theists.
You end up concluding he either was lying, delusional or actually telling the truth, or you do what some people do and say that the religion was corrupted (like Islam says);
Yet the sources are accurate in recording and preserving the information, whether the information (referring to just the Gospel accounts and Acts firstly, not the whole Bible as that is a separate issue) recorded down originally whether that is true, is part of the examination process.
For me, no other religion has such this historical bearing in it, in that God himself becomes an active part of history. Whether it is actually the case, is the point of examination. And you can say, to a lesser degree with the other religions, this is usually the starting place.
I honestly think that most other arguments lead to a stalemate.
But we need to ask ourselves 7 questions:
- What is the really real? (God, gods, material world, the matrix)
- What is the nature of external reality; of the world around us? Created, accident, chaotic, orderly, matter or spirit, do we ‘make’ the world around us or does it have its own objective existence?
- What is a human being? Highly complex machine, naked ape, a sleeping God, made in God’s image
- What happens to a person at death? Extinction, absorption into the cosmos, transformation to a higher state, reincarnation, resurrection, ‘the other side’
- Why is it possible to know anything at all? Consciousness and rationality, an evolutionary development to help us survive; we are made in image of God
- How do we know what is right and wrong? Our own choices determine; we can vote on it; we can refer to an outside standard
- What is the meaning of human history? To realise the purposes of God or (the) gods; basically accidental and meaningless; it has the meaning we give it; to make the most people happy that we can.
Thomas Aquinas 1224-1274 (prominent medieval theologian/philosopher, popular with Roman-Catholics) put together five arguments together. (These aren't definitive proofs)
Two of these arguments are well known:
one is that cosmological argument and one is the teleological argument, or in layman's terms, the argument from first cause, and also argument from design. The other is a moral argument, usually by looking for some standard of moral absolutes; or origin of moral standards etc.
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ORIGINAL REBUTTAL: Why you cannot use a religious text to prove God’s existence?
The claim here is that the religious text (Bible, Quran, etc) proves that God exists. This argument makes the fallacy of begging the question (or circular reasoning). When the argument is set out clearly this becomes obvious:
How do we know God exists? God exists because the Bible says so. Why should we believe the Bible? Because the Bible is the word of God. How do we know God exists? God exists because the Bible says so. Why should we believe the Bible? Because the Bible is the word of God.
Firstly I'd like to say that logic may exist for some religions (don't need to name them); and yes some Christians unfortunately use this "logic".
The starting point is actually to establish whether the Bible is true, or at the very least the 4 Gospel accounts and Acts as a starter. This is what I mentioned earlier.
But also if we assume that because this world is all there is, therefore miracles cannot happen or similar, therefore conclusively (eventually) God cannot exist. If we make an assumption that God doesn't exist, and therefore approach evidence to the contrary, it rarely would change our mind.
There is confirmation bias, which means when we look at something, even observing, we always try to justify something because it fits in with our understanding of the world. This means it is extremely difficult to look at something without bias. But doesn't mean we shouldn't.
ORIGINAL REBUTTAL: In response to: Every event has a cause. The universe itself had a beginning, so it must have had a first cause, which must have been a creator God.
1. The assumption that every event has a cause, although common in our experience, is not necessarily universal. The apparent lack of cause for some events, such as radioactive decay, suggests that there might be exceptions. There are also hypotheses, such as alternate dimensions of time or an eternally oscillating universe, that allow a universe without a first cause.
2. By definition, a cause comes before an event. If time began with the universe, "before" does not even apply to it, and it is logically impossible that the universe be caused.
3. This claim raises the question of what caused God. If, as some claim, God does not need a cause, then by the same reasoning, neither does the universe.
<1> Unverified hypotheses such as alternative dimensions, multiverses or eternally oscillating universe, appear to be just be naturalistic "God-substitutes", there is less evidence than there is from the original argument. The apparent lack of cause may indeed suggest exceptions, exceptions that may not necessarily be testable. Again, picking for exceptions, is not a strong argument, considering that the laws of physics work in a predictable manner. The apparent lack of cause in some events suggests not a non-cause but rather that some exceptions appear to have no observable or at least physical cause or reason; even if it is not necessarily the case. Hence it is not a compelling argument to to say some event that appears to have no explainable cause within the mediums and methods of science, indeed has no cause.
Often some cosmologists have to change the definition of physicalness or nothingness, in order to justify their position. This is merely moving the goalposts (although they call it learning). But the problem is this would be okay, there would be justification. But arguing simply because the idea of intelligent designer etc. seems stupid, or that we want to explain everything naturalistically then is no better a justification then some of the creationist arguments for 6-day "literal-as-is" creation.
A better way of phrasing the argument, another way of putting it is, whatever begins to exist has a cause and since the universe began to exist, it must have a cause. This is a question about existence and what produces existence.
This objection is basically that we have a uncritical acceptance of the idea that every effect must have a cause: Hume argued that this is psychological and not actual; that humans need to see cause and effect and so they see it when all we really see is things happening and in a sequence…not necessarily cause and effect…hard to prove causality (though we really do seem to think that way and this is the point/problem). The problem is that is also how we do science, by seeing it and observing patterns, sequences and order. We do not look at with the expectation, that the universe is unordered, but rather that it is and hence can be explained (within reason). (This rationality integillability of the world around us, namely more simply, the fact that the universe can be understood to some measure, is a good indicator of universe that is rational)
<2> Two things to clarify, one time did not begin with the universe, but with the causation of the universe, not exactly the same thing. Secondly, the effect is relative to the cause, because the cause produces or results in the effect, so technically the effect is defined with relation to the cause, i.e. afterward. There is no real issue here but semantics.
<3> Claim 3 in the original above is an unreasonable claim, it is like asking "Can God heat a burrito so hot, he cannot hold it?", "Can God create a square circle?". The second analogy given, demonstrates that it comes down to the very nature of God, i.e. divinity. The very idea of God, means a being without cause, because God is not of the same essence as the universe. Hence the "same reasoning" part in the claim falls apart, particularly if the creator God is radically different to the world. The justification why we stop at God and not a step earlier, is very part of the definition of God; if it wasn't. Since God is not physical, certainly not like the universe, it means that the same reasoning does not apply. It is not a case of special pleading, but actually more so an issue of definition. The real argument then comes down to whether the origins of the universe, originate in the meta-physical (by God/gods, or by metaphysical laws) or the physical* (*in some sense, i.e. multiverses, eternally oscillation). This claim is also very jumpy, and does not give much detail on the nature of such claims, for instance what does it mean that God is uncreated?
Lets presume that
something made
God, if he exists and is the cause of the universe, then that
something would be superior to
God, and hence actually be
God. (Mind you cults, some pagan religions and Gnosticism, Arianism, JWs, all have this in common)
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to be continued when I have more time...