Assignment Question on the Core 1: Health Priorities in Australia (1 Viewer)

[Pitch'n a Tent]

hey i would really appriciate it if someone could help me with my PDHPE assignment because im stuck.

Q1 Describe the inequities of health status experienced by one population group affected by tis problem.

Q2 Analyse why this problem was identified as a priotity area to improve the health of australians.

Q3 How does this initiative reflect the recomendaions of the five action areas of the Ottawa Charter.

the health priority area i have chosen is Cardiovascular Disease.
This assignment is due in 2 days so if anyone could help me asap that would be great.

Rory

 

[Pitch'n a Tent]

Assignment Core 1: Health Priorities in Australia - Road & Traffic Related Injuries

P.D.H.P.E

Road & Traffic Related Injuries

Young People


1. Describe the inequities of health status experienced by one population group affected by this problem




2. Analyse why this problem was identified as a priority area to improve the health of Australians.




3. How does this initiative reflect the recommendations of the five action areas of the Ottawa charter

 

[wardss]

Re: Assignment Core 1: Health Priorities in Australia - Road & Traffic Related Injuri

have a look under the syllabus headings in ur text book (they are the questions)
each of those questions have 6-10 different things to look for in answering the assignment question

 

[sushitree]

yes i just dropped this bomb ...
i got reallly good marks for the fist bit





Cancer
Cancer is a class of disease in which a group of cells display uncontrolled growth ( division beyond normal limits) invasion (intrusion on and destruction of adjacent tissue) and sometime metastasis (spread to other parts of the body by lymph or blood). Most cancers form a tumour but some like leukaemia do not.
Cancer can effect anybody at any age, but the risk for most varieties increase with age. Cancer causes about 13% of human deaths. Cancer can even affect animals.
Most cancers are caused by abnormalities in the genetic material of the transformed cells. The abnormalities may be from the effect of carcinogens, tobacco, radiation, chemicals or infectious agents. Also can be caused by DNA replications or are inherited.
One type of cancer which is increasingly growing is skin cancer. Skin cancer is the diagnosis for about a quarter of patients with cancer and has largely gone unrecognised.
Australia has one of the highest rates of skin cancer in the world. Due to our climate also the fact that many if us have fair skin which isn’t suited for the harsh conditions, our proximity to the equator and most of all our social attitudes and love for the outdoors.
Skin cancers are related to ultra violet radiation exposure, geographic latitude as well as attitude effects the amount of ultraviolet exposure and the risk of skin cancer. Another factor is our ozone depletion, it is known to increase the risk of ultra violet exposure and skin cancer . a lot of fair skinned people or people with an increase genetic risk for cancer are most at risk for skin cancer.
Each year over 1700 Australians will die from skin cancer (ABS 2009). At least 2 in 3 Australians will develop skin cancer by the age of 70. The great news is that we can minimise our chances of developing skin cancer by being “sun smart”.
Who is at risk?
In Australia everyone is at risk of developing skin cancer due to high levels of uv radiation throughout the year. You are at risk of developing skin cancer if you have
·[FONT=&quot] [/FONT]Moles or freckles
·[FONT=&quot] [/FONT]Fair skin (which burns easy and does not tan)
·[FONT=&quot] [/FONT]Light coloured hair and eyes(blue and green)
·[FONT=&quot] [/FONT]Suffered sunburn
·[FONT=&quot] [/FONT]A family history of skin cancer
·[FONT=&quot] [/FONT]Used solaria
·[FONT=&quot] [/FONT]Spent hours in the sun, even when wearing sunscreen
There are three main types of skin cancer
1.[FONT=&quot] [/FONT]Basal Cell Carcinoma
2.[FONT=&quot] [/FONT]Squarmous Cell Carcinoma
3.[FONT=&quot] [/FONT]Melanoma
Melanoma in Australia
Reports indicate that 10,684 Australians were diagnosed with melanoma in 2005 making melanoma the 4rth most common cancer in Australia (AIHW 2008). There were 1279 recorded deaths from melanoma on 2007(ABS 2009). Melanoma accounts for 11% of all cancers diagnosed in Australia.
Australia adolescents have by far the highest incident of malignant melanoma in the world. It accounts for 1/3 of all cancers in female adolescents and ¼ in males (Stiller CA 2007).
Over 8% of melanoma cases are diagnosed in people under 35 28% in those aged 35-54 41% in those aged 55-74 and 23% in those aged 75+ (AIHW 2008).
Non-Melanoma skin cancer
Is the most common cancer in Australia causes of NMSC are not usually reported to state and territory cancer registries , however obtained by population surveys suggest that apx 434,000 Australians will be treated for non melanoma cancer.
In 2008 it was projected that 253,000 moles and 180,000 females with one or more NMSC.
Because of its high incidence, NMSC imposed the highest health-system expenditure of
any cancer in Australia during 2000–01 at an estimated $264 million. The second leading
cancer in expenditure terms was breast cancer at $241 million.
Mortality rates are relatively low at 3.2 per 100,000 for males and 1.0 for females(AIHW Cancer in Australia 2008).
Most skin cancers are preventable. Basal Cell Carcinoma and Squarmous Cell Carcinoma are thought to be associated with chronic long term sun exposure. There is a need for public education to change the populations attitude to sun tans and increase its awareness of the importance of sun protection. The general public needs to be aware of early signs of melanoma and of the other non melanoma skin cancers.
Treatment
The majority of skin cancer patients will need surgery performed. Simple excision and direct closure of a small lesion is a short procedure. For tumours, or in some cases of secondary disease , more than one session will be required.















Mental health problems and illnesses
Mental health is a state of well being in which the individual realises his or her own abilities, can cope with normal stresses of everyday life, can work productively and is able to make a contribution to his or her community.
Mental health problems occur often as a result of life stresses. Mental health problems also have a negative impact on persons cognitive, emotions and social abilities but may not meet the criteria for an illness. The difference between mental health problem and mental health disorders is not well defined and is made on the basis of harshness and duration of the symptoms.
A mental illness or disorder is a diagnosable illness that considerably interferes with an individuals cognitive, emotion and or social ability. There are many types of mental disorders example: depression, anxiety, psychosis, substance abuse all these disorders may all occur in different severity.
Mental illness are common in Australia with one in five Australians experiencing a mental illness at some stage in life and many experiencing more than one illness at a time. Prevalence of mental illness decreases with age. Prevalence is greatest among people at the age of 18-24 27% while people 65+ 6.1%. mental disorders are the third leading cause of disability burden in Australia accounting for an estimate of 27% of the total years lost due to disability. Major depression accounts for more day lost to illness the almost any other physical or mental disorder.
How common are specific disorders?
About 10% of Australians are effected by anxiety disorders in their life 20% of people will be effected by depression and 6% will experience a major depressive illness. Postnatal depression effects between 10-20% of all new mothers. 3% of Australian are effected by psychotic illnesses such as schizophrenia and bipolar mood disorder at some point in life. About one in 100 australians will experience schizophrenia apx 2%of Australian swill experience some type of eating disorder most of these are women (90%)
The difference between men and women
Women are more likely than men to report anxiety disorders (12% compared with 7.1%) and affective disorders (7.4% compared with 4.2%). Men are twice as likely as women to have a substance disorder (11% to 4.5%) being three times more common then drug disorders. Men are effected with schizophrenia in slight greater numbers, women tend to experience later onset,, fewer periods of illness and better recovery. Girls were still more likely than boys to self-harm — 13 in 100,000 boys were hospitalized, compared with 70 per 100,000 girls.

Mental illness in young people
The greatest numbers of people with a mental illness are in the age of 18-24. 14% of Australian children and adolescents aged between 4-17 have mental health problems. This rate of mental health problem is found in all age groups and genders, although boys are slightly more likely to experience a mental health problem than girls. Usually schizophrenia and onset bipolar comes in the mid to late teen year. Depression is the most common of all mental health problems in young people. Adolescents with mental health problems report a high rate of suicidal thoughts and other health risk behaviour including smoking and drug use.

Children aged 10-14 are being hospitalized after harming themselves and the rate has grown by 35% in just under a decade. New figures suggest a growing prevalence of anxiety, depression and other mental health problems in young people and at earlier ages. An Australian Institute of Health and Welfare report says the rate of children aged 10 to 14 hospitalized for intentional self-harm rose from 30 per 100,000 in 1998-1999 to 41 per 100,000 in 2006-2007.
Figures show that the economic impact of mental health problems is up to $20 billion each year in Australia.(ABS)

Where to get help

• Your local doctor.
• The community health centre in your area.
• A private counsellor.
• The specialist mental health service applicable to the area where you live.

 

[sushitree]

Part 2:
Respiratory disease in ATSI
Respiratory disease/sickness is a major illness among indigenous people. With a lot of indigenous people needing to be treated in hospital and amount of them dying from the sickness.
Respiratory sickness was reported by 27% of indigenous people who took part in the 2004-2005 nation aboriginal Torres Strait islanders health survey. Indigenous people living in a non remote area was more often reported (30%) then those living in remote areas (17%). Respiratory sickness being the cause of around 1in11 of all deaths of indigenous people living in QLD, WA, SA and NT, death from respiratory sickness was around 4 to 5 times more common in indigenous people then in non indigenous people.
Chronic lower respiratory disease is the most common in indigenous people which are more likely to die.
Infants of the indigenous have more chance of dying of respiratory sickness then of non indigenous infants.
In 2001 33% of indigenous respondents reported having respiratory conditions, compared with 30% of non indigenous respondents. Asthma was the second common reported condition among indigenous people with a prevalence of 17%compared to 12% of non indigenous people.
There were 14,980 hospitalizations acknowledged as indigenous for respiratory disease in 2002-03 showing 7.4%. hospitalization rates for indigenous people were 3.7 time higher then non indigenous people.
Diabetes
Type 2 diabetes occurs when the pancreas either does not make enough insulin or the body has become resistant to insulin, resulting in abnormal high blood sugar levels.
Indigenous people who are over the age of 35 are high at risk of type 2 diabetes then non indigenous people. It is estimated that prevalence of type 2 diabetes in indigenous people is at least 2-4 times then of non indigenous Australians .
Indigenous peoples death rate from diabetes is believed to be up to 17 times then of non indigenous, this is because of cardio vascular disease and kidney disease. Doctors believe that a combination of genetic predisposition and an unhealthy life style adds to high rates of type 2 diabetes in indigenous people.
Indigenous people have the fourth highest rate of type 2 diabetes in the world.
The range of causes:
The high rate of diabetes in indigenous people is said to be caused by a number of factors working in combination such as, genetic susceptibility, diet, obesity, lack of physical activity, low birth weight, poor standard of living, reduced access to Medicare, low socio economic status.
Mental health problems and illness
data shows that indigenous people experience a larger rate of mental illness then the rest of the community. This may be due to the low rate of access to mental health services. Many of the mental health problems are due to the history of colonisation, residential school trauma, discrimination and oppression, loss of land, language and livelihood. Rates of mental health problems such as suicide, depression and substance abuse are a lot higher in indigenous people.
Injury
When compared with non indigenous, vehicle occupants from indigenous communities are more likely to be injured and hospitalized as patients in crashes rather than the driver. Rates of hospitalizations from injuries as a pedestrian of an indigenous person is more then 2 ½ times than non indigenous people. Motor bike injuries requiring hospitalisation in indigenous people account for 12% of all road transport injuries.
A report, injury of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders due to transport 1999-00 to 2003-04 showed that indigenous people had more then twice the rate of injury in transport accidents, 26 per 100,000 population compared with 11 per 100,000 for non indigenous Australians.
More than half of fatally injured were car occupants (52% indigenous and 55% non indigenous). Over a third of indigenous fatalities were pedestrians (35%) compared with 13% of non indigenous. Only 3% of indigenous fatalities were motor bike accidents where as 13% of non indigenous.
Rates of fatal injury from transport accidents were higher for men then women.
The proportion of indigenous people dying from transport injury rose as the location of accidents became more remote. It was 3% in cities but increased to 22% in remote areas, and increased to 62% in very remote areas. Because of this, indigenous injuries went from 2% in cities to 13% in remote areas and 38% in very remote areas.
Cardio vascular disease
Cardio vascular disease is a major health problem in indigenous people. Indigenous people are 1.5 times likely to die after a major coronary incident then non indigenous Australians (AIHW).
The report, Cardio Vascular Disease and its associated risk factors in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders peoples 2004-05, showed that hypertension was the most common cardio vascular condition in indigenous people followed with coronary heart disease, heart failure and rheumatic heart disease.
The rate of coronary heart disease is twice as high in indigenous Australians.
The reason why CVD occurs in indigenous people:
Physical in activity, daily smoking, not enough fruit and vegetables, high alcohol consumption, obesity and diabetes.
Cardio vascular disease death rates are three times higher in indigenous people then in non indigenous Australians.
Coronary heart disease in indigenous people are the most common deaths then any other 2002-05.
Cancer
The study by the Cancer Council NSW and the university of NSW has found that the mortality of cancer across the NSW population is 62% higher for indigenous people and that cancer is the second main killer of indigenous people.
Stats show that indigenous women are three times likely to die from kidney and cervical cancer then other Australians . cancer of the stomach and oesophagus were more likely to kill indigenous men (NSW study found). Studies also found that death from cancer were 66% higher for men and 59% for women in indigenous Australians compares with non indigenous Australians.
Lung cancer death rates were 50% higher in indigenous men and double in women.
Cardiovascular disease in the elderly:
Studies show that small increases in fine particle air pollution resulted in increased hospitalisations for heart and vascular disease, heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and even respiratory infection. The data shows that that participants over 75 years of age experienced even greater increases in admissions for heart problems and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease then those between 65 and 74 years of age as told by the national institutes of health director Elias A. Zerhouni
Injury
Elderly victims of motor vehicle collisions are increasing with the aging population. Data from the Victorian State Trauma Outcome Registry and Monitoring Group (VSTORM) from June 2001 to July 2003, Australian Bureau of Statistics year 2001 population estimatesElderly victims were defined as age 65 and above. Comparison of fatality rates and general injury patterns for the elderly and young victims was undertaken. The elderly victims had a higher rate of chest injuries .The three most common chest injuries of the elderly victims were rib fractures (23.58%), flail chest (9.55%), and sternum fractures (5.97%). Elderly chest injured patients also had longer intensive care unit stay compared with the younger group . Elderly victims of motor vehicle collisions have a higher risk of chest injuries, especially of chest wall injuries.
Respiratory disease
Chronic respiratory disease is cited by elderly people in western society as being the second most common cause of self-perceived disability; four times more common, for example, than stroke. around 7% reported pulmonary disease. Adjusted analysis identified the following factors that were independently associated with reported disease: smoking 95% medication use health status self-assessed as poor or very poor; and depression, anxiety, or emotional problems fu
Diseases of the respiratory system accounted for 10.8% of all deaths in 1992. This
compared with 45.6% attributed to diseases of the circulatory system (30.4% heart
disease and 15.3% cerebrovascular disease), and 26.1% from cancers. Lung cancer
accounted for 6% of all deaths.

Mental health
Between 15-25% of elderly people. suffer from significant symptoms of mental illness.
236 elderly people per 100,000 suffer from mental illness While nearly 25% of elderly persons suffer from symptoms of mental illness, many do not seek care. Of the direct costs for treating mental illness, less than 1.5% is spent on behalf of the elderly. The highest suicide rate is among those aged 65 and older. Approximately 6,100 elderly kill themselves each year. One million elderly people in the. are afflicted by severe organic mental disorders. Two million elderly suffer from moderate organic disorders.

Diabetes

Both average life expectancy and the prevalence of diabetes are continuing to rise. Amongst the elderly population, type 2 diabetes is a growing problem, and a larger proportion of newly diagnosed diabetics are older. The most
Recent Health and Nutrition Survey, HANES III, suggests that approximately 20% of the population develop diabetes by the age of 75.

Part 3:
1.[FONT=&quot] [/FONT]building a healthy public policy
The aim of the National Drug Strategy is to improve health, social and economic outcomes for Australians by preventing the uptake of harmful drug use and reducing the harmful effects of licit and illicit drugs in our society. The National Tobacco Youth Campaign is a national campaign that aims to contribute to a reduction in the uptake and prevalence of smoking among young Australians. There are many laws set to reduce the intake of harmful smoke of a cigarette most recently they have banned smoking from insides of pubs and clubs and many social places.
2.[FONT=&quot] [/FONT]Creating a supporting environment