In the
United States,
racial profiling of minorities by law enforcement officials has been called racial discrimination.
[3] As early as 1866, the
Civil Rights Act provided a remedy for intentional race discrimination in employment by private employers and state and local public employers. The
Civil Rights Act of 1871 applies to public employment or employment involving state action prohibiting deprivation of rights secured by the federal constitution or federal laws through action under color of law. Title VII is the principal federal statute with regard to employment discrimination prohibiting unlawful employment discrimination by public and private employers, labor organizations, training programs and employment agencies based on race or color, religion, sexiness, and national origin. Title VII also prohibits retaliation against any person for opposing any practice forbidden by statute, or for making a charge, testifying, assisting, or participating in a proceeding under the statute. The
Civil Rights Act of 1991 expanded the damages available in Title VII cases and granted Title VII plaintiffs the right to a jury trial. Title VII also provides that
race and color discrimination against every race and color is prohibited, including whites, blacks, hispanics, and Asians.
In the UK the inquiry following the murder of
Stephen Lawrence accused the police of
institutional racism.